Sobrecarga, afrontamiento y soporte social en progenitores de niños con cáncer / Caregiver burden, coping and social support in parents of children with cancer

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento, el soporte social, las características de padres cuidadores migrantes y sus niños con cáncer en la sobrecarga del cuidador de dichos padres. Método: Participaron 82 cuidadores (67 madres y 15 padres) en condición de bajo recursos que residían en albergues para niños con cáncer y sus cuidadores, quienes migraron a la ciudad para recibir el tratamiento. Se utilizó la Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit (Zarit et al., 1980), el Inventario de Afrontamiento COPE (Carver et al., 1989) y el Cuestionario MOS de apoyo social (Sherbourne y Stewart, 1991). Resultado: Se realizaron dos modelos de regresión para evaluar el impacto de las variables demográficas y psicológicas en la carga del cuidador, el primer modelo involucra la escala global de apoyo social (R2 ajustado=,43, F=9,73, p<,001) y el segundo las escalas específicas (R2 ajustado=,45, F=8,23, p<,001). Los resultados evidencian el rol predictivo de las estrategias de afrontamiento como la aceptación, la reinterpretación positiva y enfocar y liberar emociones; el soporte social global y de tipo afectivo; y características sociodemográficas como el nivel de instrucción del progenitor y la edad del hijo en la sobrecarga del cuidador. La mayoría de estas variables tienen una relación inversa con la sobrecarga. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio subrayan la importancia de investigar la sobrecarga del cuidador en situación de vulnerabilidad. Además, el estudio destaca la relevancia de factores como las estrategias de afrontamiento y el apoyo social, que desempeñan un papel clave en la sobrecarga del cuidador.(AU)

Aim: To analyze the relationship between coping strategies, social support, characteristics of migrant parent caregivers and their children with cancer on caregiver overload of such parents. Zarit Burden Interview (Zarit et al., 1980), the COPE Inventory (Carver et al., 1989) and the MOS Social Support Questionnaire (Sherbourne y Stewart, 1991) were used. Method: Eighty-two caregivers (67 mothers and 15 fathers) residing in shelters for children with cancer and their caregivers, who migrated to the city to receive treatment, participated in this study. Results: Two regression models were performed to evaluate the impact of demographic and psychological variables on caregiver burden, the first model involves the global social support scale (R2 adjusted=.43, F=9.73, p<.001) and the second the specific scales (R2 adjusted=.45, F=8.23, p<.001). Results: There is evidence the predictive role of coping strategies such as acceptance, positive reinterpretation and growth, focus and venting of emotions; global and affective social support; and sociodemographic characteristics such as parental level of education and child age in caregiver burden. Most of these variables have an inverse relationship with caregiver burden. Conclusions: The results of the study underline the crucial importance of investigating caregiver burden in the context of vulnerability. In addition, the study highlights the importance of factors such as coping strategies and social support, which play a key role in influencing caregiver burden.(AU)

Knowledge and Practice Behaviors Toward the Care of the Dying Among Chinese Oncology Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

The quality of care provided to patients with cancer at the end of their lives remains unsatisfactory, especially during their last days and hours of life. This study aimed to investigate knowledge and practice behaviors of oncology nurses in relation to the care of the dying and to analyze the influencing factors. A convenience sample of 222 oncology nurses was recruited from 14 hospitals in Beijing, China, in January 2022. These nurses completed an online survey that included a demographic and work characteristics questionnaire and knowledge and practice behavior questionnaires regarding the care needs of dying cancer patients. The self-perceived knowledge and practice behavior of oncology nurses toward the care of the dying were found to be moderate. However, their understanding of airway management, restlessness, and delirium management was insufficient. In addition, their ability to effectively communicate recommendations for discontinuing unnecessary procedures, medications, treatments, and monitoring was inadequate. Nurses' previous end-of-life care education and experience of caring for dying patients influenced their knowledge. Nurses' practice settings, experience of caring for dying patients, and their knowledge were key factors in shaping their behaviors. Providing targeted continuing education for nurses in hospital settings and exploring the nursing pathway may be important ways to bridge their knowledge gap and enhance their practice behaviors toward caring for dying patients.

Development of a Japanese Scale that Evaluates the Level of Nursing Support Provided to Patients for Decision-Making in Cancer Clinical Trials.

Clinical nurses need learning programs that are useful in nursing support for patients' decision-making (NSPDM) regarding cancer clinical trials (CCTs). The usefulness of the learning program can be evaluated if the practices of NSPDM before and after participation in the learning program can be compared. We developed a scale to measure the level of self-assessed NSPDM regarding participation in a CCT. Thirty-two items of scale were developed in Japanese based on previous literature. Based on the results of a pilot study, items with similar meanings were removed and the validity of the 26 scale items was statistically examined in terms of construct validity and reliability. The study population was clinical nurses and included clinical research nurses. We received 102 valid responses from clinical nurses. Based on the bias of the boxplot distribution and the ceiling and floor effects for the items analysis of the 26-item draft scale, 17 items remained. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the scale consisted of three subscales and 17 items. Regarding fit indices of the model, the goodness-of-fit index (GFI), adjusted GFI (AGFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of application (RMSEA) were 0.775, 0.704, 0.477, and 0.081, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was 0.951, with subscales ranging from 0.820 to 0.942. The validity and reliability of this scale were acceptable. This scale may be helpful to evaluate the usefulness of learning programs, i.e., the practice level of NSPDM.

Learning From Cancer Patients Who Push on With Tenacity.

Cancer survivors have unique life challenges that threaten their well-being. Concept building has identified fearless tenacity as a process that is critical to meaningful survival, by expanding understanding of how cancer survivors get along day by day as they transcend the course of cancer treatment and move beyond to pursue life purpose. This work establishes a foundation for nurses wishing to promote self-worth through fostering fearless tenacity. It sets a direction for research and practice grounded in the discipline through a specific nursing theory and solid footing from both extant literature and the real life experiences.

Validação de tecnologia educacional para familiares/cuidadores de pacientes oncológicos elegíveis aos cuidados paliativos no domicílio / Validation of educational technology for family/caregivers of oncology patients eligible for palliative care at home / Validación de tecnología educativa para familiares/cuidadores de pacientes oncológicos elegibles para cuidados paliativos en el hogar

Objetivo: validar o conteúdo de uma cartilha para melhorar a qualidade de vida no cotidiano de familiares/cuidadores de pacientes oncológicos em cuidados paliativos domiciliares. Métodos: estudo de caráter metodológico. Dados coletados de setembro de 2021 a maio de 2022. Os participantes foram 17 juízes especialistas, sendo 14 da área da saúde e 3 de outras áreas. Estudo mediado por um questionário estruturado de acordo com a escala Likert, possui itens dispostos em objetivos, estrutura, apresentação e relevância. Resultados: dos 21 itens do questionário dos juízes da área da saúde somente três resultaram em escore I (inadequado). Revela-se a tecnologia validada, pois conforme a literatura é necessário obter um índice de validação de conteúdo em pelo menos 70%, e o índice alcançado foi de 88%. Conforme as sugestões dos juízes produziu-se a versão adequação da tecnologia. Conclusão: considera-se que a cartilha está validada e com os ajustes poderá a promover o autocuidado, podendo reduzir desconhecimentos e dar mais qualidade de vida aos familiares/cuidadores de pacientes oncológicos em fim de vida.(AU)

Objective: to validate the content of a booklet to improve the quality of life in the daily lives of family members/caregivers of cancer patients in-home palliative care. Methods: this was a methodological study. Data were collected from September 2021 to May 2022. Participants were 17 experts, 14 from health care and 3 from other areas. The study was mediated by a questionnaire structured according to the Likert scale, with items arranged in objectives, structure, presentation, and relevance. Results: of the 21 items in the questionnaire of the health area experts, only three resulted in a score of I (inadequate). The technology was validated since, according to the literature, obtaining a content validation index of at least 70% is necessary, and the index achieved was 88%. According to the experts' suggestions, the appropriate technology version was produced. Conclusion: the booklet is considered validated and, with the adjustments, it may promote self-care, reducing unawareness and giving more quality of life to family members/caregivers of cancer patients at the end of life.(AU)

Objetivo: validar el contenido de un folleto para mejorar la calidad de vida en el día a día de los familiares/cuidadores de pacientes oncológicos en cuidados paliativos a domicilio. Métodos: estudio metodológico. Datos recogidos desde septiembre de 2021 a mayo de 2022. Participaron 17 jueces expertos, siendo 14 del área de salud y 3 de otras áreas. El estudio estuvo mediado por un cuestionario estructurado según la escala de Likert, con elementos ordenados en objetivos, estructura, presentación y relevancia. Resultados: de los 21 elementos del cuestionario de los jueces del área de la salud sólo tres resultaron en la puntuación I (inadecuado). Se revela la tecnología validada, ya que según la bibliografía es necesario obtener un índice de validación de contenido de al menos 70%, y el índice alcanzado fue de 88%. De acuerdo con las sugerencias de los jueces, se produjo la versión adecuada de la tecnología. Conclusión: se considera que el folleto está validado y con los ajustes podrá promover el autocuidado, pudiendo reducir el desconocimiento y dar más calidad de vida a los familiares/cuidadores de pacientes con cáncer al final de la vida.(AU)

Relación interpersonal entre el profesional de enfermería y la persona con un proceso oncológico / Interpersonal relationship between the nursing professional and the person with an oncological condition

INTRODUCCIÓN. La calidad de la interacción humana entre el profesional de la salud y la persona atendida es fundamental en la oncología tanto a nivel ético como práctico. El presente artículo de naturaleza teórica tiene como OBJETIVO: Reflexionar sobre la conceptualización de cómo debe ser la relación interpersonal entre el profesional de enfermería y la persona con un proceso oncológico, es decir, conocer a partir de determinados conceptos su relevancia en el trato humano para una mejor praxis del cuidado de enfermería. METODOLOGÍA: Reflexión teórica basada en conceptos de intersubjetividad y cuidado de enfermería a través de la revisión de literatura. Se enfocará fundamentalmente en el pensamiento de Hildegard E. Peplau dada la relevancia de la visión interactiva - integrativa de su teoría de las relaciones interpersonales como un proceso interpersonal significativo, terapéutico. Asimismo, del Filósofo Martin Heidegger. RESULTADOS: Abordar el cuidado de enfermería bajo la perspectiva de la comprensión del "Ser" con su entorno y no solo el "estar ahí" significa para la persona la importancia del cuidado adecuado en pro de la recuperación, prestando atención empática de las emociones y sentimientos para comprender el sufrimiento del otro y de esta forma se pueda brindar un cuidado significativo. CONCLUSIONES: Los profesionales de enfermería tienen un rol fundamental en la construcción del vínculo terapéutico a través de la relación interpersonal de modo que les permita satisfacer las necesidades de la persona con un proceso oncológico y brindar cuidados significativos de enfermería.

INTRODUCTION. The quality of the human interaction between the health professional and the person being cared for is essential in oncology, both ethically and practically. The present article of theoretical nature has as OBJECTIVE: To reflect on the interpersonal relationship between the nursing professional and the person with an oncological condition, and to examine its relevance in the humane treatment of such persons in the provision of nursing care. METHOD: Theoretical reflection based on concepts of intersubjectivity and nursing care through literature review. It will focus primarily on the concepts of Hildegard E. Peplau, given the relevance of her interactive-integrative vision of interpersonal relationships as key to a meaningful, therapeutic interpersonal process. It also considers the concepts of the philosopher Martin Heidegger. RESULTS: Approaching nursing care from the perspective of understanding the "Being" within its environment, and not only "being there", facilitates recovery. By paying empathic attention to emotions and feelings in an effort to understand the suffering of the other, meaningful care can be provided. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing professionals have a fundamental role in building therapeutic bonds through interpersonal relationships in a way that allows them provide meaningful nursing care to persons with oncologic conditions.

Consulta de enfermagem de primeira vez no tratamento de quimioterapia ambulatorial: revisão de escopo / First time nursing consultation in outpatient chemotherapy treatment: a scoping review / Primera consulta de enfermería en el tratamiento ambulatorio de quimioterapia: revisión del alcance

Objetivo: mapear o conhecimento produzido sobre a consulta de enfermagem de primeira vez em ambulatório de aplicação de quimioterapia antineoplásica. Método: revisão de escopo de 12 artigos, selecionados nas bases de dados BVS, CINAHL/EBSCO, EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus e Web os Science. Resultados: os conhecimentos identificados na literatura foram classificados em aspectos a serem avaliados na consulta de enfermagem para uma efetiva gestão do cuidado e propostas de intervenção, entre as quais a avaliação psicológica apresentou grande notoriedade, condutas a serem tomadas por enfermeiros para a promoção da gestão do cuidado efetiva, dentre as quais as a oferta de orientações e informações se destacou, e a comunicação enquanto elemento chave da gestão do cuidado. Conclusão: a consulta de enfermagem de primeira vez tem a possibilidade de organizar os cuidados de enfermagem, e deve ser estruturada para atender à tal.

Objectives: to map the knowledge produced about the first-time nursing consultation in an antineoplastic chemotherapy outpatient clinic. Method: scoping review of 12 articles, selected from the databases BVS, CINAHL/EBSCO, EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Web os Science. Results: the knowledge identified in the literature was classified into aspects to be assessed in the nursing consultation for effective care management and intervention proposals, among which psychological assessment was prominent, procedures to be adopted by nurses to promote effective care management, among which the offer of guidance and information stood out, and communication as a key element of care management. Conclusion: the first-time nursing consultation has the possibility of organizing nursing care, and should be structured to meet this.

Objetivos:mapear el conocimiento producido sobre la primera consulta de enfermería en la aplicación ambulatoria de quimioterapia antineoplásica. Método: revisión de 12 artículos, seleccionados de las bases de datos BVS, CINAHL/EBSCO, EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus y Web os Science. Resultados:los conocimientos identificados en la literatura se clasificaron en aspectos a valorar en la consulta de enfermería para una gestión eficaz de los cuidados y propuestas de intervención, entre los que destacó la valoración psicológica, conductas a adoptar por las enfermeras para la promoción de una gestión eficaz de los cuidados, entre las que destacó la oferta de orientación e información, y la comunicación como elemento clave de la gestión de los cuidados. Conclusión: la consulta de enfermería de primera vez tiene la posibilidad de organizar los cuidados de enfermería, y debe ser estructurada para atenderlos.

Experiencias de madres al cuidado del niño con cáncer: una mirada desde la enfermería transcultural / Experiences of mothers taking care to your child with cancer: a look from transcultural nursing

La enfermería transcultural permite valorar el cuidado desde la perspectiva de las familias afectadas durante el proceso de la enfermedad oncológica. Objetivo principal: El propósito del estudio fue comprender las experiencias de las madres al cuidado de su hijo con cáncer desde la mirada de la enfermería transcultural. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo de diseño exploratorio. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a madres de niños y adolescentes con cáncer en un centro de salud de Valparaíso, previa aprobación del proyecto por parte del Comité de Bioética de la Universidad de Valparaíso. Se realizó análisis de contenido temático de Bardin. Resultados: Surgieron cuatro temas: (1) Valor del cuidado, (2) Prácticas de cuidado y creencias en salud, (3) Creencias religiosas y (4) Redes de apoyo. Conclusión principal: Las experiencias de las madres permitieron valorar la importancia de incorporar los factores socioculturales propuestos por Leininger, para la planificación de los cuidados, con el fin de apoyar a las familias durante el padecimiento de la enfermedad de su hijo.(AU)

Transcultural nursing allows us to assess care from the perspective of the families affected during the oncological disease process. Main objective: The purpose of the study was to understand the experiences of mothers caring for their child with cancer from the perspective of transcultural nursing. Methodology: Qualitative study with an exploratory design. Semi-structured interviews were applied to mothers of children and adolescents with cancer in a health center in Valparaíso, following project approval by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Valparaíso. Thematic content analysis, following Bardin's approach, was carried out. Results: Four themes emerged: (1) Value of care, (2) Care practices and health beliefs, (3) Religious beliefs and (4) Support networks. Main conclusion: The mothers' experiences highlighted the importance of incorporating the sociocultural factors proposed by Leininger into care planning in order to support families during their child's illness.(AU)

Medical Aid in Dying: An Overview of Care and Considerations for Patients With Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Medical aid in dying (MAID) is increasingly becoming a legal option for patients with terminal illness who desire greater control over how they end their life. The majority of patients who pursue this option are those with terminal cancer. OBJECTIVES:  This article provides foundational knowledge on MAID, including key considerations for nurses practicing in states where MAID is legalized. METHODS:  Available research and data on MAID are summarized, as well as clinical recommendations for patient education, counseling, and supportive care. A case study is included to illustrate relevant concepts. FINDINGS:  MAID is becoming an accepted practice for patients with terminal cancer through increasing legislation across the United States. Nursing knowledge of critical considerations for patients with terminal cancer who choose to pursue MAID is integral to the provision of optimal clinical oncology care at the end of life.

Aplicación de hipnosis al miedo al contagio por COVID-19 en un cuidador de paciente oncológico / Hypnosis applied to the fear of COVID-19 in a cancer caregiver

Objetivo: Se presenta el caso de un familiar de paciente oncológico durante la situación generada por la pandemia de COVID-19, con el que se utiliza un programa multicomponente en el que se incluye la hipnosis clínica como herramienta para gestionar el miedo al contagio y la adaptación a la enfermedad oncológica en el cuidador principal. Método: Una intervención a través de hipnosis clínica para el manejo del miedo al contagio durante el proceso oncológico de su enfermedad. Resultado: Se produce la reducción de la sintomatología ansiosa, en relación con el miedo al contagio, permitiendo a PS abordar diferentes situaciones sin aplicar un afrontamiento evitativo, usando su miedo como una estrategia de protección frente al COVID-19. Ha conseguido mejorar el insomnio, reduciendo los problemas de conciliación y mejorar su autoestima y reforzar el autoconcepto. Conclusión: La hipnosis se revela como una técnica útil rápida y eficaz, que permite manejar de manera adecuada la sintomatología de carácter ansioso dentro de un programa multicomponente. (AU)

Objective: Treatment of fear of contagion during the COVID-19 pandemic and the adaptation to the oncological disease through a multicomponent program that includes clinical hypnosis, in the main caregiver. Method: An intervention using clinical hypnosis to manage the fear of contagion during the process of caring for an oncological patient. Results: There is a reduction in anxiety symptoms, in relation to the fear of contagion, which allows the patient to address different situations without applying avoidant coping, using fear as a protection strategy against COVID-19. Insomnia problems were improved, reducing problems with conciliation insomnia, improving self-esteem and reinforcing self-concept. Conclusion: Hypnosis is revealed as a useful, fast and effective technique that allows to adequately manage anxiety symptoms within a multicomponent program. (AU)

Oncology Nurses' Role in Promoting Patient Self-Advocacy.

Teaching patients with cancer the skill of self-advocacy shifts the focus of their cancer care onto what is important to them, leading to optimized patient-centered care. As oncology nurses, providing support to patients as they self-advocate to get their needs met fosters a collaborative relationship, creating an environment in which patients feel comfortable verbalizing their needs and concerns.

Nursing care for children with cancer in palliative care: scoping review / Atención de enfermería a niños con cáncer en cuidados paliativos: scoping review / Assistência de enfermagem à criança com câncer em cuidados paliativos: scoping review

ABSTRACT Objective: to map the scientific production disseminated in electronic databases regarding Nursing care for children with cancer in palliative care. Methods: a scoping review based on the method recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute was carried out. The search for publications was carried out in six libraries and/or databases covering research from 2010 to 2020. Results: 34 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. Most studies were published in 2014 in English, and Brazil was the country that stood out. The most prevalent themes of the studies referred to care strategies (mainly related to relieving suffering and therapeutic communication) and the difficulties experienced by Nursing professionals facing complex care (e.g., emotional distress and lack of preparation to deal with terminality). Conclusion: the evidence from the studies highlights the relevance of palliative care in promoting the quality of life of children with cancer and the challenges that need to be overcome so that it can be applied in practice. Hence, the data refer to the fact that, in order to affect the care, which is still being deficiently performed, the main strategies that must be implemented in health services by nurses are: pain control, family support, teamwork, and offering training for professionals. In view of the above, we hope that this mapping can subsidize new research in the sense that it is possible to shed more light on the field of study of palliative care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: mapear la producción científica, difundida en bases de datos electrónicas, sobre los cuidados de enfermería a niños con cáncer en cuidados paliativos. Métodos: revisión del tipo de Scoping Review, basado en la metodología recomendada por el Instituto Joanna Briggs. La búsqueda de publicaciones se realizó en seis bibliotecas y/o bases de datos, en el periodo comprendido entre 2010 y 2020. Resultados: se incluyeron 34 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría de los estudios se publicaron en 2014, en inglés, y Brasil fue el país que se destacó. Los temas más frecuentes identificados por los estudios se refieren a las estrategias de atención (principalmente relacionadas con el alivio del sufrimiento y la comunicación terapéutica); y las dificultades experimentadas por los profesionales de enfermería que se enfrentan a una atención compleja (que implican angustia emocional y falta de preparación para afrontar la terminalidad). Conclusión: los datos de los estudios ponen de manifiesto la importancia de los cuidados paliativos para promover la calidad de vida de los niños con cáncer y los retos que hay que superar para que puedan aplicarse en la práctica. Así, para hacer efectivos los cuidados, que todavía se realizan de forma deficitaria, los datos hacen referencia a las principales estrategias que deben ser implementadas en los servicios sanitarios por parte de las enfermeras: el control del dolor, el apoyo a la familia, el trabajo en equipo y la formación de los profesionales. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se espera que este mapeo pueda subvencionar nuevos estudios, de modo que se pueda comprender mejor el campo de estudio de los cuidados paliativos.

RESUMO Objetivo: mapear a produção científica, disseminada em bases de dados eletrônicas, acerca da assistência de Enfermagem à criança com câncer em cuidados paliativos. Métodos: revisão do tipo Scoping Review fundamentada na metodologia recomendada pelo Instituto Joanna Briggs. As buscas das publicações foram realizadas em seis bibliotecas e/ou bases de dados contemplando estudos do período de 2010 a 2020. Resultados: foram incluídos 34 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A maior parte dos estudos foi publicada em 2014, no idioma inglês, sendo o Brasil o país que obteve destaque. As temáticas de maior prevalência apontadas pelos estudos se referiam às estratégias de atenção (principalmente relacionadas ao alívio do sofrimento e à comunicação terapêutica) e às dificuldades vivenciadas por profissionais de Enfermagem diante de um cuidado complexo (a exemplo do desgaste emocional e da falta de preparo para lidar com a terminalidade). Conclusão: as evidências dos estudos destacam a relevância dos cuidados paliativos na promoção da qualidade de vida de crianças com câncer e nos desafios que precisam ser superados, para que ocorra sua aplicação na prática. Assim, os dados referenciam que, para efetivar o cuidado, que ainda vem sendo realizado de forma deficitária, as principais estratégias que necessitam ser implementadas nos serviços de saúde por enfermeiros são: controle da dor, apoio à família, trabalho em equipe e oferta de treinamentos para os profissionais. Diante do exposto, espera-se que este mapeamento possa subsidiar novas pesquisas, no sentido de que seja possível compreender melhor o campo de estudo do cuidar paliativo.

Efeitos adversos locorregionais da terapêutica oncológica em mulheres com câncer de mama avançado: revisão integrativa / Efectos adversos locorregionales de la terapia oncológica en mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado: una revisión integradora / Locoregional adverse effects of cancer therapy in women with advanced breast cancer: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os efeitos adversos locorregionais da administração da terapêutica oncológica endovenosa em mulheres com câncer de mama avançado. Metodo: revisão integrativa da literatura, que utilizou as bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS e EMBASE, sem recorte temporal, além de busca reversa dos artigos selecionados, atualizada até maio de 2022 A população contemplou mulheres com câncer de mama avançado submetidas à intervenção com terapêutica oncológica endovenosa com quimioterapia ou hormonioterapia ou anticorpo monoclonal, e o desfecho avaliou efeitos adversos locorregionais Resultados: identificaram-se 2.789 estudos, e a amostra final foi composta por 8 ensaios clínicos e 1 estudo observacional retrospectivo, sendo todos estudos internacionais e publicados no período de 1986 a 2018. Predominantemente, as pacientes tinham câncer de mama em estádio IV, idade de 50 anos ou mais e múltiplas metástases. Os efeitos adversos locorregionais foram: flebite, ulceração e/ou necrose, dor, eritema e reação no local da injeção não especificada. Os estudos não trazem detalhamento do tipo de cateter venoso, osmolaridade dos fármacos e cuidados preventivos para diminuição desses efeitos adversos. Conclusão: as evidências desses artigos mostraram que os efeitos adversos locorregionais estão presentes em estudos de eficácia dos fármacos oncológicos em mulheres com câncer de mama avançado. No entanto, destaca-se que a segurança da administração dos fármacos oncológicos não se apresenta elucidada nessa revisão, indicando necessidade de estudos de acompanhamento dos efeitos adversos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificación de los efectos adversos locorregionales de la administración de la terapia oncológica intravenosa en mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado. Método: revisión bibliográfica integradora, que utilizó las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS y EMBASE, sin corte de tiempo, además de una búsqueda inversa de los artículos seleccionados, actualizada hasta mayo de 2022 La población incluyó mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado, sometidas a intervención con terapia oncológica endovenosa con quimioterapia u hormonoterapia o anticuerpo monoclonal y el resultado evaluó los efectos adversos locorregionales Resultados: se identificaron 2.789 estudios y la muestra final se compuso de ocho ensayos clínicos, un estudio observacional retrospectivo, todos estudios internacionales, publicados desde 1986 hasta 2018. Predominantemente, las pacientes tenían cáncer de mama en estadio IV, edad de 50 años o más y metástasis múltiples. Los efectos adversos locorregionales fueron flebitis, ulceración y/o necrosis, dolor, eritema y reacción en el lugar de la inyección no especificada. Los estudios no detallan el tipo de catéter venoso, la osmolaridad de los fármacos y los cuidados preventivos para reducir estos efectos adversos. Conclusión: las pruebas de estos artículos mostraron que los efectos adversos locorregionales están presentes en los estudios de eficacia de los fármacos oncológicos en mujeres con cáncer de mama avanzado. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que la seguridad de la administración de los fármacos contra el cáncer no se dilucida en esta revisión, lo que indica la necesidad de realizar estudios de seguimiento sobre los efectos adversos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the locoregional adverse effects of administering intravenous oncologic therapy in women with advanced breast cancer. Method: this was an integrative literature review using the PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, and EMBASE databases, without a time cut, in addition to a reverse search of the selected articles updated until May 2022. The population included women with advanced breast cancer undergoing intervention with intravenous oncologic therapy with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or monoclonal antibody, and the outcome assessed locoregional adverse effects. Results: 2,789 studies were identified, and the final sample consisted of 8 clinical trials and 1 retrospective observational study, all of which were international studies published from 1986 to 2018. Predominantly, patients with stage IV breast cancer, were aged 50 years or older, and had multiple metastases. Locoregional adverse effects were phlebitis, ulceration and/or necrosis, pain, erythema, and unspecified injection site reaction. The studies did not detail the type of venous catheter, the osmolarity of the drugs, and preventive care to reduce these adverse effects. Conclusion: the evidence from these articles showed that locoregional adverse effects are present in efficacy research of oncologic drugs in women with advanced breast cancer. Nonetheless, the safety of administering cancer drugs is not elucidated in this review, indicating the need for follow-up studies of adverse effects.

Caring Needs of Cancer Patients from the Perspective of Home Care Nurses: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran. Todays, caregiving to patients with cancer is shifting towards home based care, and home care needs from a caregiver's perspective can help improve the patient care. This qualitative study aimed to examine the home care needs of cancer patients from the perspective of home care nurses. METHODS: This is a qualitative descriptive study carried out at home care centers in the northwest of Iran. A total of 15 participants were recruited through purposive sampling and underwent face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed through Conventional content analysis method in MAXQDA software.  Measures of trustworthiness were established throughout the study using Lincoln and Guba's (1985) criteria (dependability, credibility, transferability, and confirmability). RESULTS: Data analysis resulted in the extraction of four main categories including physical needs (pain relief, gastrointestinal problems including nausea and anorexia and nutritional problems, lethargy, wound care), psychological support (need for hope and emotional support), educational needs (need for information and self-care) and financial support (service insurance coverage, charity support). To promote these patients home care, insurance coverage of nursing home care services was emphasized by the participants. CONCLUSION: Various aspects of cancer patients home care needs were identified. Interdisciplinary home-based palliative care collaboration is needed to address their physical, psychological, and moral needs.

Experiences of oncology nurses regarding self-compassion and compassionate care: A qualitative study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of oncology nurses about self-compassion and compassionate care. BACKGROUND: The concept of self-care is emphasized in detail in the literature, and not much is known about the concept of self-compassion among nurses. Beyond the definitions of self-compassion and compassion in the literature, there is a need to explore and express the meaning of self-compassion and compassion in the context of oncology nursing. METHODS: This is a descriptive qualitative study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 19 oncology nurses working in the oncology service of a university hospital. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis through an inductive approach. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ) were used to ensure the comprehensive reporting of this qualitative study protocol. RESULTS: Two themes emerged: (1) compassion through the eyes of oncology nurses and barriers to compassionate care fall under the theme of wounded healers, and (2) self-compassion through the eyes of oncology nurses, barriers to self-compassion, and self-care as a dimension of self-compassion fall under the theme of caring for our suffering: self-compassion. CONCLUSIONS: Although nurses think that self-compassion is important, they do not show self-compassion. There are personal and organizational barriers to compassionate care and self-compassion for oncology nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: These findings show that oncology nurses need personal and organizational resources for their self-compassion. The existence of programs to develop self-compassion can offset the effects of being in a caregiving position. Oncology nurses must request these services from organization, managers and even policymakers. The existence of policies that also consider the mental health of nurses can pave the way for compassionate care.

Cell Free DNA as an Evolving Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Initial Diagnosis and Therapeutic Nursing in Cancer- An Evolving Aspect in Medical Biotechnology.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is present in numerous body fluids and generally blood cells. It is undoubtedly the utmost promising tool among all components of liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsy is a specialized method investigating the non-solid biological tissue by revealing circulating cells, cell-free DNA, etc., that enter the body fluids. Since cancer cells disengage from compact tumors circulating in peripheral blood, evaluating cancer patients' blood profile is essential for the molecular level analysis of various tumor-derived constituents. Cell-free DNA samples can deliver a significant diagnosis in oncology, for instance, tumor heterogeneity, rapid tumor development, response to therapy and treatment, comprising immunotherapy, and mechanisms of cancer metastasis. Malignant growth at any phase can cause the occurrence of tumor cells in addition to fragments of neoplasticity. Liquid biopsy indicates diverse blood-based biomarkers comprising circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or cfDNA, circulating RNA (cfRNA), and exosomes. Cell-free DNAs are little DNA fragments circulating in plasma or serum, just as other fluids present in our body. Cell-free DNA involves primarily double-stranded nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA, present both on a surface level and in the vesicles' lumen. The probable origins of the tumor-inferred portion of cfDNA are apoptosis or tumor necrosis, lysis of CTCs or DNA release from the tumor cells into circulation. The evolution of innovations, refinement, and improvement in therapeutics to determine the fragment size of cfDNA and its distribution provide essential information related to pathological conditions of the cell, thus emerging as a promising indicator for clinical output in medical biotechnology.

Classificação do nível de complexidade assistencial dos pacientes em hospital oncológico / Clasificación del nivel de complejidad asistencial de los pacientes en un hospital oncológico / Levels of care complexity classification of patients in an oncology hospital

RESUMO Objetivo Classificar o nível de complexidade assistencial requerido da Enfermagem por pacientes oncológicos internados. Método Estudo observacional, seccional, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado diariamente com pacientes oncológicos em unidades de internação de Oncologia Clínica e Cirúrgica de um hospital de referência ao tratamento de câncer durante o período de três meses. A coleta foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado e instrumento de classificação de pacientes de Fugulin et al. (2007). Resultados Foram entrevistados 242 pacientes e realizadas 1309 avaliações com maior quantidade de indivíduos do sexo masculino e que possuíam o Ensino Fundamental incompleto. Houve maior ocorrência de câncer no sistema gastrintestinal e sistema reprodutor feminino, respectivamente, na internação de Oncologia Clínica e Cirúrgica, com maior taxa de ocupação nos meses de junho e de maio, nessa ordem. O comportamento observado foi bastante similar em ambas as internações, correspondendo, respectivamente, a pacientes que se enquadravam nos cuidados mínimos (33,1%; 35,1%) e intermediários (30,2%; 37,5%). Conclusão e implicações para a prática O sistema de classificação de pacientes e dimensionamento em Enfermagem na área oncológica merece maiores discussões e carece de instrumentos validados capazes de representar a real situação do cuidado.

RESUMEN Objetivo Clasificar el nivel de complejidad asistencial requerido en Enfermería por pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados. Método Estudio observacional, seccional, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado diariamente con pacientes oncológicos en unidades de internación de Oncología Clínica y Quirúrgica de un hospital de referencia para el tratamiento del cáncer durante un período de tres meses. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado y un instrumento de clasificación de pacientes de Fugulin et al. (2007). Resultados Se entrevistaron 242 pacientes y se realizaron 1309 evaluaciones con mayor número de individuos del sexo masculino que tenían la Enseñanza Básica incompleta. Hubo mayor ocurrencia de cáncer en el aparato digestivo y aparato reproductor femenino, respectivamente, en el ingreso de Oncología Clínica y Quirúrgica, con la mayor tasa de ocupación en los meses de junio y mayo, en ese orden. El comportamiento observado fue bastante similar en ambas hospitalizaciones, correspondiendo, respectivamente, a pacientes que se encontraban en cuidados mínimos (33,1%; 35,1%) e intermedios (30,2%; 37,5%). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica El sistema de clasificación y dimensionamiento de pacientes en Enfermería en el área de oncología merece mayor discusión y carece de instrumentos validados capaces de representar la situación real del cuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective To classify the level of complexity of care required from Nursing by hospitalized oncology patients. Methods This is an observational, sectional, quantitative study, carried out daily with oncology patients in the Clinical and Surgical Oncology inpatient units of a cancer treatment reference hospital during a three-month period. The collection was carried out through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire and an instrument of patient classification by Fugulin et al. (2007). Results 242 patients were interviewed and 1309 evaluations were performed, with a greater number of males and those with incomplete elementary school education. There was a higher occurrence of cancer in the gastrointestinal system and female reproductive system, respectively, in the admission of Clinical and Surgical Oncology, with higher occupancy rate in the months of June and May, in that order. The behavior observed was quite similar in both admissions, corresponding, respectively, to patients who fell into minimal (33.1%; 35.1%) and intermediate care (30.2%; 37.5%). Conclusion and implications for practice The patient classification and dimensioning system in Nursing in oncology deserves further discussion and lacks validated instruments capable of representing the real situation of care.

Programas de intervenção para crianças, adolescentes e pais a vivenciar o cancro parental: scoping review / Programas de intervención para niños, adolescentes y padres que experimentan cáncer en sus padres: scoping review / Intervention programs for children, adolescent and parents experiencing parental cancer: a scoping reviewa

Resumo Objetivos mapear programas de intervenção para crianças, adolescentes e pais, ou díade (doentes oncológicos e filhos) a vivenciar o cancro parental. Método scoping review segundo a metodologia recomendada pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) e o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews - Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Resultados foram identificados 29 programas de intervenção: 13 dirigidos à díade, 11 a crianças e adolescentes e 5 dirigidos aos pais. Dos programas identificados, 10 não especificam a tipologia das intervenções propostas, 9 referenciam intervenções psicoeducacionais, 7 referenciam intervenções educacionais e 3 referenciam intervenções do tipo psicossocial. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática verificou-se que a maioria dos programas identificados se dirige à díade crianças/adolescentes e pais. As caraterísticas dos programas e das intervenções diferem entre estudos, no entanto as intervenções psicoeducacionais são as mais prevalentes. O mapeamento de programas de intervenção e promoção da adaptação ao cancro parental contribui para a síntese da evidência existente sobre esta temática, conhecimento sobre as intervenções desenvolvidas e resultados obtidos, consciencializando os profissionais de saúde, nomeadamente enfermeiros, e decisores da área da saúde para a relevância da sua implementação na prática clínica, tendo em vista a qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem prestados a essas famílias.

Resumen Objetivos mapear programas de intervención para niños, adolescentes y padres, o díada (pacientes oncológicos y niños) que padecen cáncer paternal. Método scoping review según la metodología recomendada por Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) y el Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews - Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Resultados de identificaron 29 programas de intervención: 13 dirigidos a díada, 11 a niños y adolescentes y 5 a padres. De los programas identificados, 10 no especifican tipología de intervenciones propuestas, 9 refieren intervenciones psicoeducativas, 7 intervenciones educativas y 3 intervenciones psicosocial. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se ha verificado que la mayoría de los programas identificados están dirigidos a díada niños/adolescentes y padres. Las características de los programas y las intervenciones difieren entre los estudios, sin embargo, las intervenciones psicoeducativas son más frecuentes. El mapeo de programas de intervención y promoción de la adaptación al cáncer parental contribuye a la síntesis de evidencia existente sobre este tema, el conocimiento sobre intervenciones desarrolladas y resultados obtenidos, sensibilizando profesionales de salud, a saber, enfermeros y tomadores de decisiones en el área de la salud por relevancia de su implementación en la práctica clínica, dada la calidad de los cuidados de enfermería prestados a estas familias.

Abstract Objectives to map intervention programs for children, adolescents and parents, or binomial (oncology patients and children) experiencing parental cancer. Method this scoping review was carried out according to the methodology recommended by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews - Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Results a total of 29 intervention programs were identified: 13 directed to the binomial, 11 to children and adolescents and 5 to parents. Of all the identified programs, 10 do not specify the typology of proposed interventions, 9 refer to psychoeducational interventions, 7 refer to educational interventions and 3 refer to psychosocial type interventions. Conclusion and implications for practice it was verified that most of the programs identified are directed to children/adolescents and parents. The characteristics of programs and interventions differ between studies; however, the psychoeducational interventions are the most prevalent. The mapping of intervention programs and promotion of adaptation to parental cancer contributes to the synthesis of existing evidence on this theme, knowledge about interventions developed and the obtained results, raising awareness among health professionals, namely nurses, and decision makers in the health area for relevance of its implementation in clinical practice, considering the quality of nursing care provided to these families.